MAPPING THE EARLY SPREAD OF COPPER METALLURGY IN EUROPE: PICKING UP GENETIC TRAILS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14795/jaha.12.4.2025.1437Keywords:
Maps relating copper metallurgical activity and chromosomal segment sharing among ancient individuals, Agents of early copper metallurgy diffusion in Europe, Intra-Carpathian Bodrogkeresztúr, Cultural implications of ancient DNA informationAbstract
This article addresses the diffusion of the early stages of European metallurgy. It suggests a community instrumental to its spread by mapping information from two sets of data: 1) identical by descent (IBD) autosomal chromosome segment sharing among ancient individuals from between around 4300–2000 BCE with individuals from the Chalcolithic buried in the Urziceni, Romania necropolis, a community known to be metallurgically competent, and 2) the location of copper metallurgical activity, copper mines, and selected gold artifacts, mainly in Europe but also in parts of Southwest Asia, in the same time frame. The information collected is consistent with identifying genetic descendants of individuals buried in the Urziceni necropolis as agents of metallurgical activity. The Urziceni necropolis is attributed to the Bodrogkeresztúr archaeological-cultural construct but belongs to the intra-Carpathian range of that culture. The results support formulating further questions concerning traces of metallurgical activity in Europe and parts of Southwest Asia.
Downloads
References
ALLENTOFT et alii 2015
Allentoft, M.E./Sikora, M./Sjögren, K.G./Rasmussen, S./Rasmussen, M./Stenderup, J./Damgaard, P.B./Schroeder, H./Ahlström, T./Vinner, L./Malaspinas, A.S./Margaryan, A./Higham, T./Chivall, D./Lynnerup, N./Harvig, L./Baron, J./Della Casa, P./Dąbrowski, P./Duffy, P.R./.…/Willerslev, E., Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, Nature 522/7555, 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
ANTHONY et alii 2022
Anthony, D.W./Khokhlov, A.A./Agapov, S.A./Agapov, D.S./Schulting, R./Olalde, I./Reich, D., The Eneolithic cemetery at Khvalynsk on the Volga River, Praehistorische Zeitschrift 97, 22–67. https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2034
ANTONIO et alii 2019
Antonio, M.L./Gao, Z./Moots, H.M./Lucci, M./Candilio, F./Sawyer, S./Oberreiter, V./Calderon, D./Devitofranceschi, K./Aikens, R.C./Aneli, S./Bartoli, F./Bedini, A./Cheronet, O./Cotter, D.J./Fernandes, D.M./ Gasperetti, G./Grifoni, R./Guidi, A./La Pastina, F./…/Pritchard, J.K., Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean, Science 366, 6466, 708–714. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay6826
ARIANO et alii 2022
Ariano, B./Mattiangeli, V./Breslin, E.M./Parkinson, E.W./McLaughlin, T.R./Thompson, J.E./Power, R.K./Stock, J.T./Mercieca-Spiteri, B./Stoddart, S./Malone, C./Gopalakrishnan, S./Cassidy, L.M./Bradley, D.G., Ancient Maltese genomes and the genetic geography of Neolithic Europe, Current Biology 32/12, 2668–2680.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.069
BARTELHEIM/PEARCE 2015
Bartelheim, M./Pearce, M., Early metallurgy in Iberia and the Western Mediterranean. In: Fowler, C./Harding, J./Hofmann, D. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 693–710.
BRACE et alii 2019
Brace, S./Diekmann, Y./Booth, T.J./van Dorp, L./Faltyskova, Z./Rohland, N./Mallick, S./Olalde, I./Ferry, M./Michel, M./Oppenheimer, J./Broomandkhoshbacht, N./Stewardson, K./Martiniano, R./Walsh, S./Kayser, M./Charlton, S./Hellenthal, G./Armit, I./Schulting, R./…/Barnes, I., Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain, Nature Ecology & Evolution 3/5, 765771. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9
BOGNÁR-KUTZIAN 1972
Bognár-Kutzian, I., The Early Copper Age Tiszapolgár Culture in the Carpathian Basin, G. Dienes (trans.) (Budapest: Kiádo).
BONDÁR 2019
Bondár, M. A késő rézkori fémművesség magyarországi emlékei [Rememberance of Late Copper Age Metalwork in Hungary] (Budapest: Archaeolingua).
BORONEANȚ et alii 2018
Boroneanț, A./Virag, C./Astaloș, C./Bonsall, C., Sourcing obsidian from prehistoric sites in Northwest Romania, Materiale si Cercetări Arheologice (s. n.) 14, 13–23.
BROZIO et alii 2023
Brozio, J.P./Stos-Gale, Z./Müller, J./Müller-Scheeßel, N./ Schultrich, S./Fritsch, B./Jürgens, F./Skorna, H., The origin of Neolithic copper on the central Northern European plain and in Southern Scandinavia: Connectivities on a European scale, PloS One 18/5, e0283007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283007
BRUNEL et alii 2020
Brunel, S./Bennett, E.A./Cardin, L./Garraud, D./Barrand Emam, H./Beylier, A./Boulestin, B./Chenal, F./ Ciesielski, E./Convertini, F./Dedet, B./Desbrosse-Degobertiere, S./Desenne, S./Dubouloz, J./Duday, H./Escalon, G./Fabre, V./Gailledrat, E./Gandelin, M./…/Pruvost, M., Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 117/23, 12791–12798. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918034117
BUDD et alii 1992
Budd, P./Gale, D./Pollard, A./Thomas, R./Williams, P., The early development of metallurgy in the British Isles, Antiquity 66/252, 677–686. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00039375
BUGOI et alii 2008
Bugoi, R./Cojocaru, V./Constantinescu, B./Calligaro, T./Pinchon, L./Rörs, S./Salomon, J., Compositional studies on Transylvanian gold nuggets: Advantages and limitations of PIXE-PIGE analysis, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 266, 2316–2319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.03.044
CARDOSO, J. L. 2021
Cardoso, J.L. The fortified Chalcolithic settlement of Outeiro Redondo (Sesimbra, Portugal). An account of the excavations conducted between 2005 and 2016, Madrider Mittelungen 62, 34–99. https://doi.org/10.34780/5t5b-rg2e
CASE 1966
Case, H., Were Beaker people the first metallurgists in Ireland? Palaeohistoria 12, 141–177.
CASSIDY et alii 2020
Cassidy, L.M./Maoldúin, R.Ó./Kador, T./Lynch, A./Jones, C./Woodman, P.C./Murphy, E./Ramsey, G./Dowd, M./Noonan, A./Campbell, C./Jones, E.R./Mattiangeli, V./Bradley, D.G., A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society, Nature 82/7812, 384–388. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6
CHERNYKH 1992
Chernykh, E.N., Ancient metallurgy in the USSR: The Early Metal Age, Wright, S. (trans.) (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
CHERNYKH/ORLOVSKA 2015
Chernykh, E.N./Orlovska, L.B., Radiocarbon chronology of the Carpatho-Balkan metallurgical province, Abstract. In: (n.e.), 4th Balkan Early Metallurgy Symposium (10th-12th May 2015, Târgu Jiu, Romania), Program and Abstracts, (Târgu Jiu: n.p.), 18-21.
CHINTALAPATI et alii 2022
The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene, eLife 11, e77625. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.77625
CLEMENTE et alii 202
Clemente, F./Unterländer, M./Dolgova, O./Amorim, C.E.G./Coroado-Santos, F./Neuenschwander, S./Ganiatsou, E./Cruz Dávalos, D.I./Anchieri L./ Michaud, F./ Winkelbach, L./Blöcher, J./Arizmendi Cárdenas, Y.O./Sousa da Mota, B./Kalliga, E./Souleles, A./Kontopoulos, I./Karamitrou-Mentessidi, G./Philaniotou, O./…/Papageorgopoulou, C., The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations, Cell 184/10, 2565-2586.e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.039
CRISTEA 2012
Cristea, D., Studiul aurului din România în vederea stabilirii provenienței obiectelor arheologice din patrimoniul cultural național [Study of gold from Romania for establishing the provenance of archaeological artifacts belonging to the national cultural patrimony], University of Bucharest, Summary of PhD dissertation.
ČATAJ 2018
Čataj, L., The Lasinja culture. In: Balen, J./Miloglav, I./Rajković, D. (eds.), Back to the past–Copper Age in northern Croatia (Zagreb/Osijek: Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu/Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta uZagrebu/Arheološki muzej Osijek), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.17234/9789531758185
DIACONESCU 2014
Diaconescu, D., Considerations concerning the chronology of the Early Copper Age Tiszapolgár culture, Praehistorische Zeitschrift 89/2, 219–241. https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2014-0016
DIACONESCU 2009
Diaconescu, D., Cultura Tisapolgár în România (Alba Iulia: Altip).
DOLFINI 2013
Dofini, A., The Emergence of metallurgy in the Central Mediterranean region: A new model, European Journal of Archaeology 16/10, 21–62. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957112Y.0000000023
DOLFINI/ANGELINI/ARTIOLI 2020
Dolfini A./Angelini, I./Artioli, G., Copper to Tuscany–Coals to Newcastle? The dynamics of metalwork exchange in early Italy, PLoS One 215/1, e0227259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227259
DULIAS et alii 2022
Dulias, K./Foody, M.G.B./Justeau, P./Silva, M./Martiniano, R./Oteo-García, G./Fichera, A./Rodrigues, S./Gandini, F./Meynert, A./Donnelly, K./Aitman, T.J./Scottish Genomes Partnership/Chamberlain, A./Lelong, O./Kozikowski, G./Powlesland, D./Waddington, C./Mattiangeli, V./Bradley, D.G./ …/Richards, M.B., Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119/8, e2108001119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108001119
EBERHARDT 2009
Eberhardt, K.L., Copper working technologies, context of use, and social complexity in the Eastern Woodlands of Native North America, Journal of World Prehistory 22, 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-009-9020-8
FERNANDES et alii 2020
Fernandes, D.M./Mittnik, A./Olalde, I./Lazaridis, I./Cheronet, O./Rohland, N./Mallick, S./Bernardos, R./Broomandkhoshbacht, N./Carlsson, J./Culleton, B.J./Ferry, M./Gamarra, B./Lari, M./Mah, M./Michel, M./Modi, A./Novak, M./Oppenheimer, J./Sirak, K. A./…/Reich, D., The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean, Nature Ecology & Evolution 4/3, 334–345. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0
FERNANDES et alii 2018
Fernandes, D.M./Strapagiel, D./Borówka, P./Marciniak, B./Żądzińska, E./Sirak, K./Siska, V./Grygiel, R./Carlsson, J./Manica, A./Lorkiewicz, W./Pinhasi, R., A genomic Neolithic time transect of hunter-farmer admixture in central Poland, Scientific Reports 8/1, 14879. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33067-w
FRANK/PERNICKA 2012
Frank C./Pernicka E., Copper artifacts of the Mondsee group and their possible sources. In: Midgley, M. S./Sanders, J. (eds.), Lake Dwellings after Robert Munro. Proceedings from the Munro International Seminar: The Lake Dwellings of Europe; 2010 Oct 22–23; University of Edinburgh (Leiden: Sidestone Press), 113–138.
FOWLER et alii 2022
Fowler, C./Olalde, I./Cummings, V./Armit, I./Büster, L./Cuthbert, S./Rohland, N./Cheronet, O./Pinhasi, R./Reich, D., A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb, Nature 601/7894, 584–587. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4
FURTWÄNGLER et alii 2020
Furtwängler, A./Rohrlach, A.B./Lamnidis, T.C./Papac, L./Neumann, G.U./Siebke, I./Reiter, E./Steuri, N./Hald, J./ Denaire, A./ Schnitzler, B./Wahl, J./Ramstein, M./Schuenemann, V.J./Stockhammer, P.W./Hafner, A./Lösch, S./Haak, W./Schiffels, S./Krause, J., Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland, Nature Communications 11/1, 1915. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15560-x
GAMBA et alii 2014
Gamba, C./Jones, E.R./Teasdale, M.D./McLaughlin, R.L./Gonzalez-Fortes, G./Mattiangeli, V./Domboróczki, L./Kővári, I./Pap, I./Anders, A./Whittle, A./Dani, J./Raczky, P./Higham, T.F./Hofreiter, M./Bradley, D.G./Pinhasi, R., Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory, Nature Communications 5, 5257. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6257
GEBAUER et alii 2021
Gebauer, A./Sørensen, L./Taube, M./Wielandt, D., First metallurgy in Northern Europe: An Early Neolithic crucible and a possible tuyère from Lønt, Denmark, European Journal of Archaeology 24/1, 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.73
GELABERT et alii 2022
Gelabert, P./Schmidt, R. W./Fernandes/D. M./Karsten, J. K./Harper, T. K./Madden, G. D./Ledogar, S. H./Sokhatsky, M./Oota, H./Kennett, D. J./Pinhasi, R., Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine, Scientific Reports 12/1, 7242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11117-8
GEORGAKOPOULOU 2007
Georgakopoulou, M., Metallurgical activities in Early Cycladic settlements: The case of Daskaleio-Kavos. In: Day, P.M./Doonan, R.C.P. (eds.), Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Barnsley, UK: Oxbow Books), 123–133.
GONZÁLES-FORTES et alii 2017
González-Fortes, G./Jones, E. R./Lightfoot, E./Bonsall, C./Lazar, C./Grandal-d'Anglade, A./Garralda, M. D./Drak, L./Siska, V./Simalcsik, A./Boroneanţ, A./Vidal Romaní, J. R./Vaqueiro Rodríguez, M./Arias, P./Pinhasi, R./Manica, A./Hofreiter, M., Paleogenomic evidence for multi-generational mixing between Neolithic farmers and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin, Current Biology 27/12, 1801–1810.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.023
GONZÁLEZ-FORTES 2019
González-Fortes, G./Tassi, F./Trucchi, E./Henneberger, K./Paijmans, J.L.A./Díez-Del-Molino, D./Schroeder, H./Susca, R.R./Barroso-Ruíz, C./Bermudez, F.J./Barroso-Medina, C./Bettencourt, A.M.S./Sampaio, H.A./Grandal-d'Anglade, A./Salas, A./de Lombera-Hermida, A./Fabregas Valcarce, R./Vaquero, M./Alonso, S./Lozano, M./…/Barbujani, G., A western route of prehistoric human migration from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula, Proceedings, Biological Sciences 286/1895, 20182288. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2288
GRESKY et alii 2016
Gresky, J./Batieva, E./Kitova, A./Kalmykov, A./Belinskiy, A./Reinhold, S./Berezina, N., New cases of trepanations in Southern Russia in the context of previous research: Possible evidence for a ritually motivated tradition of cranial surgery? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 160/4, 665–682. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22996
HAAK et alii 2015
Haak, W./Lazaridis, I./Patterson, N./Rohland, N./Mallick, S./Llamas, B./Brandt, G./Nordenfelt, S./Harney, E./Stewardson, K./Fu, Q./Mittnik, A./Bánffy, E./Economou, C./Francken, M./Friederich, S./Pena, R. G./Hallgren, F./Khartanovich, V./Khokhlov, A./…/Reich, D., Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Nature, 522/7555, 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14317
HANSEN 2015
Hansen, S., Pietrele–A lakeside settlement, 5200-4250 BC. In: Hansen, S./Raczky, P./Reingruber, A. (eds.), Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea. Chronologies and technologies from the 6th to the 4th Millennium BC (Bonn: Habelt), 273–293.
HEEB 2014
Heeb, J.M., Copper Shaft-Hole Axes and Metallurgy in South-Eastern Europe: An integrated approach (Oxford: Archaeopress).
HEYD/WALKER 2015
Heyd, V./Walker, K., The first metalwork and expressions of social power. In: Fowler, C./Harding, J./Hofmann, D. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 673–691.
HÖPPNER et alii 2005
Höppner, B./Bartelheim, M./Huijsmans, M./Krauss, R./Martinek, K.-P./Pernicka, E./Schwab, R., Prehistoric copper production in the Inn Valley (Austria), and the earliest copper in Central Europe, Archaeometry 47/2, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00203.x
KELLER et alii 2012
Keller, A./Graefen, A./Ball, M./Matzas, M./Boisguerin, V./Maixner, F./Leidinger, P., Backes, C., Khairat, R./Forster, M./Stade, B./Franke, A./Mayer, J./Spangler, J./McLaughlin, S./Shah, M./Lee, C./Harkins, T.T./Sartori, A./Moreno-Estrada, A./…/Zink, A., New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing, Nature Communications 3, 698. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1701
KIENLIN 2016
Kienlin, T.L., Some thoughts on evolutionist notions in the study of early metallurgy. In: Bartelheim, M./Horejs, B./Krauß R. (eds.), Von Baden bis Troia. Ressourcennutzung, Metallurgie und Wissenstransfer (Rahden: Leidorf), 123–137.
KIENLIN/PERNICKA 2009
Kienlin, T.L./Pernicka, E., Aspects of the production of Copper Age Jászladány type axes. In: Kienlin, T.L./Roberts, B.W. (eds), Metal and Societies (Bonn: Habelt), 258–276.
KLIMSCHA 2017
Klimscha, F., The diffusion of know-how within spheres of interaction: Modelling prehistoric innovation processes between South-West Asia and Central Europe in the 5th and 4th Millennia BC. In: Stockhammer, P.H./Maran, J. (eds.), Appropriating Innovations: Entangled Knowledge in Eurasia, 5000-1500 BCE (Oxford: Oxbow),149–160.
KOWALSKI et alii 2019
Kowalski, Ł./Adamczak, K./Garbacz-Klempka, A./Degryse, P./Stos-Gale Z./Kozicka, M./Chudziak, W./Krzyszowski, A./Jedynak, A., Back to the Eneolithic: Exploring the Rudki-type ornaments from Poland, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11, 4355–4377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00825-4
LA DUC et alii 2022
La Duc, E./Montero-Ruiz, I./Freestone, I.C./Fanlo Loras, J./Jabalquinto Expósito, I.M./Martín de la Cruz, J.C./Pérez-Lambán, F./Picazo Millán, J.V./Martinón-Torres, M., Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103683
LAZARIDIS et alii 2022
Lazaridis, I./Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S./Acar, A./Açıkkol, A./Agelarakis, A./Aghikyan, L./Akyüz, U./Andreeva, D./ Andrijašević, G./Antonović, D./Armit, I./Atmaca, A./Avetisyan, P./Aytek, A.İ./Bacvarov, K./Badalyan, R.,/Bakardzhiev, S./Balen, J./Bejko, L./Bernardos, R./…/Davtyan, R., The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe, Science 377, 6609. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4247
LAZAROVICI/LAZAROVICI/CONSTANTINESCU 2015
Lazarovici, G./Lazarovici, C.M./Constantinescu, B. New Data and Analyses on Gold Metallurgy during the Romanian Copper Age. In: Hansen, S./Raszky, P./Anders, A./Reingruber, A. (eds.), Neolithic and Copper Age Between the Carpathian and the Aegean Sea. (Bonn: Habelt), 325–352.
LEGARRA HERRERO/MARTINÓN-TORRES 2021
Legarra Herrero, B./Martinón-Torres, M, Heterogeneous production and enchained consumption: Minoan gold in a changing world (ca. 2000 BCE), American Journal of Archaeology 125/3, 333–360. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.125.3.0333
LEHNER/YENER 2014
Lehner, J.W./Yener, K.A., Organization and specialization of early mining and metal technologies in Anatolia. In Roberts B.W. and Thornton C.P. (eds.), Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective. Methods and Syntheses (New York: Springer), 529–558.
LEUSCH et alii 2015
Leusch, V./Armbruster, B./Pernicka, E./Slavčev, V., On the invention of metallurgy: The gold objects from the Varna I cemetery (Bulgaria)–Technological consequence and inventive creativity, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25/1, 353–376. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774314001140
LIPSON et alii 2017
Lipson, M./Szécsényi-Nagy, A./Mallick, S./Pósa, A./Stégmár, B./Keerl, V./Rohland, N./Stewardson, K./Ferry, M./Michel, M./Oppenheimer, J./Broomandkhoshbacht, N./Harney, E./Nordenfelt, S./Llamas, B./Gusztáv Mende, B./Köhler, K./Oross, K./Bondár, M./Marton, T./…/Reich, D., Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers, Nature, 551/7680, 368–372. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24476
LUCA 1999
Luca, S.A., Sfârşitul eneoliticului pe teritoriul intracarpatic al României–Cultura Bodrogkeresztúr [The end of the Eneolithic on the intracarpathian territory of Romania–The Bodrogkeresztúr Culture] (Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia).
LUCA 2000
Luca, S.A., Répertoire des découvertes de la culture Bodrogkeresztur sur le territoire de Roumanie, Cercetari Arheologice 11, 1, 305–316.
LULL et alii 2011
Lull, V./Micó, R./Risch, R., El Argar and the beginning of class society in the Western Mediterranean. In: Hansen, S./Müller, J. (eds), Sozialarchäologische Perspektiven: Gesellschaftlicher Wandel 5000–1500 v. Chr. zwischen Atlantik und Kaukasus (Mainz: Zabern), 381–414.
MALMSTRÖM et alii 2019
Malmström, H./Günther, T./Svensson, E.M./Juras, A./Fraser, M./Munters, A.R./Pospieszny, Ł./Tõrv, M./Lindström, J./Götherström, A./Storå, J./Jakobsson, M., The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon, Proceedings Biological Sciences 286/1912, 20191528. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528
MALLICK et alii 2024
Mallick, S./Micco, A./Mah, M./Ringbauer, H./Lazaridis, I./Olalde, I./Patterson, N./Reich, D., The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): A curated compendium of ancient human genomes, Scientific Data 11, 182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03031-7
MALLICK/REICH 2023
Mallick, S./Reich, D., The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): A curated compendium of ancient human genomes, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FFIDCW, Harvard Dataverse, V8.
MARAN 2021
Maran, J., Attica and the origins of silver metallurgy in the Aegean and the Carpatho-Balkan zone. In: Kalogeropoulos, K./Vassilikou, D./Tiverios, M. (eds.), Sidelights on Greek Antiquity (Berlin: De Gruyter), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110699326-010
MARCUS et alii 2020
Marcus, J.H./Posth, C./Ringbauer, H., Lai, L./Skeates, R./Sidore, C./Beckett, J./Furtwängler, A./Olivieri, A./Chiang, C.W.K./Al-Asadi, H./Dey, K./Joseph, T.A./Liu, C.C./Der Sarkissian, C./Radzevičiūtė, R./Michel, M.,/Gradoli, M.G./Marongiu, P./Rubino, S./…/Novembre, J., Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, Nature Communications, 11, 1, 939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6
MAREȘ/URSU 2002
Mareș, I./Ursu, C.-E., Metalurgia aramei în Neo-Eneoliticul României (Suceava: Editura Bucovina Istorică).
MARTINIANO et alii 2017
Martiniano, R./Cassidy, L.M./Ó'Maoldúin, R./McLaughlin, R./Silva, N. M./Manco, L./Fidalgo, D./Pereira, T./Coelho, M.J./Serra, M./Burger, J./Parreira, R./Moran, E./Valera, A.C./Porfirio, E./Boaventura, R./Silva, A.M./Bradley, D.G., The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods, PLoS Genetics 13/7, e1006852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852
MATHIESON et alii 2018
Mathieson, I./Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S./Posth, C./Szécsényi-Nagy, A./Rohland, N./Mallick, S./Olalde, I./Broomandkhoshbacht, N./Candilio, F./Cheronet, O./Fernandes, D./Ferry, M./Gamarra, B./Fortes, G.G./Haak, W./ Harney, E./Jones, E./Keating, D./Krause-Kyora, B./Kucukkalipci, I./.../Reich. D., The genomic history of southeastern Europe, Nature 555/7695, 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25778
MATHIESON et alii 2015
Mathieson, I./Lazaridis, I./Rohland, N./Mallick, S./Patterson, N./Roodenberg, S.A./Harney, E./Stewardson, K./Fernandes, D./Novak, M./Sirak, K./Gamba, C./Jones, E.R./Llamas, B./Dryomov, S./Pickrell, J./Arsuaga, J.L./de Castro, J.M./Carbonell, E./Gerritsen, F./…/Reich, D. (2015). Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians, Nature 528/7583, 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16152
MATUSCHIK 1998
Matuschik I., Kupferfunde und Metallurgie-Belege, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der kupferzeitlichen Dolche Mittel-, Ost- und Südeuropas. In: Mainberger M. (ed.), Das Moordorf von Reute. Archäologische Untersuchungen in der jungneolithischen Siedlung Reute-Schorrenried (Staufen i. Br.: Teraqua CAP), 207–255.
MERKL 2010
Merkl, M.B., Bell Beaker metallurgy and the emergence of fahlore-copper use in Central Europe, Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica Natural Sciences in Archaeology 1/1-2, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2010.1-2.2
MERKL/STEINIGER/STRAHM 2013
Merkl, M./Steiniger, D./Strahm, C., Les Alpes à l’aube de la métallurgie. In: Borrello M.A. (ed.), Les Hommes préhistoriques et les Alpes (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports), 175–194.
NARASIMHAN et alii 2019
Narasimhan, V.M./Patterson, N./Moorjani, P./Rohland, N./Bernardos, R./Mallick, S./Lazaridis, I./Nakatsuka, N./Olalde, I./Lipson, M./Kim, A.M./Olivieri, L.M./Coppa, A./Vidale, M./Mallory, J./Moiseyev, V./Kitov, E./Monge, J./Adamski, N./Alex, N./…/Reich, D., The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia, Science 365, 6457. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7487
NOVAK et alii 2021
Novak, M./Olalde, I./Ringbauer, H./Rohland, N./Ahern, J./Balen, J./Janković, I./Potrebica, H./Pinhasi, R./Reich, D., Genome-wide analysis of nearly all the victims of a 6200 year old massacre, PloS One, 16, 3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247332
OLALDE et alii 2018
Olalde, I./Brace, S./Allentoft, M.E./Armit, I./Kristiansen, K./Booth, T./Rohland, N./Mallick, S./Szécsényi-Nagy, A./Mittnik, A./Altena, E./Lipson, M./Lazaridis, I./Harper, T.K./Patterson, N./Broomandkhoshbacht, N./Diekmann, Y./Faltyskova, Z./Fernandes, D./Ferry, M./…/Reich, D., The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe, Nature 555/7695, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25738
OLALDE et alii 2019
Olalde, I./Mallick, S./Patterson, N./Rohland, N./Villalba-Mouco, V./Silva, M./Dulias, K./Edwards, C.J./Gandini, F./Pala, M./Soares, P./Ferrando-Bernal, M./Adamski, N./Broomandkhoshbacht, N./Cheronet, O./Culleton, B.J./Fernandes, D./Lawson, A.M./Mah, M./Oppenheimer, J./…/Reich, D., The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, Science 363/6432, 1230–1234. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4040
PAPAC et alii 2021
Papac, L./Ernée, M./Dobeš, M./Langová, M./Rohrlach, A.B./Aron, F./Neumann, G.U./Spyrou, M.A./Rohland, N./Velemínský, P./Kuna, M./Brzobohatá, H./Culleton, B./Daněček, D./Danielisová, A./Dobisíková, M./Hložek, J./Kennett, D.J./Klementová, J./Kostka, M./…/Haak, W., Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe, Science Advances 7/35, eabi6941. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi6941
PAPADATOS 2007
Papadatos, Y., The beginning of metallurgy in Crete: New evidence from the FN-EM I settlement at Kephalas Petras, Siteia. In: Day, P.M./Doonan, R.C.P. (eds.), Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Barnsley, UK: Oxbow Books), 154–167.
PATTERSON et alii 2021
Patterson, N./Isakov, M./Booth, T./Büster, L./Fischer, C.E./Olalde, I./Ringbauer, H./Akbari, A./Cheronet, O./ Bleasdale, M./Adamski, N./Altena, E./Bernardos, R./Brace, S./Broomandkhoshbacht, N./Callan, K./Candilio, F./Culleton, B./Curtis, E./Demetz, L./…/Reich, D., Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age, Nature 601/7894, 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
PĂTROI 2010
Pătroi, C.N., The Gumelnițian Character of the Eneolithic Culture Sălcuța. Oltenia. Studii și Communicari. Arheologie-Istorie 22, 2010, 7–12.
PENSKE et alii 2023
Penske, S./Rohrlach, A.B./Childebayeva, A./Gnecchi-Ruscone, G./Schmid, C./Spyrou, M.A./Neumann, G.U./Atanassova, N./Beutler, K./Boyadzhiev, K./Boyadzhiev, Y./Bruyako, I./Chohadzhiev, A./Govedarica, B./Karaucak, M./Krauss, R./Leppek, M./Manzura, I./Privat, K./Ross, S./…/Haak, W., Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe, Nature 620/7973, 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06334-8
PERNICKA et alii 1993
Pernicka E./Begemann F./Schmitt-Strecker S./Wagner G.A., Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from the Balkans and their relation to Serbian copper ores, Praehistorische Zeitschrift 68/1, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/prhz.1993.68.1.1
PETERSON et alii 2016
Peterson, D.L./Northover, P./Salter, C./Maldonado, B./Anthony, D.W., Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Middle Volga. In: Anthony, D.W./Brown, D.R./Khokhlov, A.A./Kuznetsov, P.F./Mochalov, O.D. (eds.), A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project (Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press), 291–332.
PÉTREQUIN/KLASSEN/CASSEN 2012
Pétrequin, P./Klassen, l./Cassen, S., Alpine axes and early metallurgy. In: Pétrequin, P./Cassen, S./M. Errera, M./Klassen, L./Sheridan, A./Pétrequin, A.-M. (eds.), Jade. Grandes haches alpines du Néolithique européen. Ve et IVe millénaires av. J.-C. (Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté et centre de recherche archéologique de la Vallée de l’Ain), 1280–1309.
RADIVOJEVIĆ/GRUJIĆ 2017
Radivojević, M./Grujić, J., Dataset for Community structure of copper supply networks in the prehistoric Balkans: An independent evaluation of the archaeological record from the 7th to the 4th millennium, Apollo–University of Cambridge Repository. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.9599
RADIVOJEVIĆ/ROBERTS 2021a
Radivojević, M./Roberts, B.W., Balkan metallurgy and society, 6200–3700 BC. In: Radivojević, M./Roberts, B.W./ Marić, M./Kuzmanović Cvetković, J./Rehren, T. (eds), The Rise of metallurgy in Eurasia (Oxford: Archaeopress), 11–37.
RADIVOJEVIĆ/ROBERTS 2021b
Radivojević, M./Roberts, B.W., Balkan metallurgy in a Eurasian context. In: Radivojević, M./Roberts, B.W./ Marić, M./Kuzmanović Cvetković, J./Rehren, T. (eds), The Rise of metallurgy in Eurasia (Oxford: Archaeopress), 601–618.
RASSAMAKIN 1999
Rassamakin, Y., The Eneolithic of the Black Sea Steppe: Dynamics of Cultural and Economic Development 4500–2300 BC. In: Levine, M./Rassamakin, Y./Kislenko, A./Tatarintseva, N. (eds), Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research), 59–182.
REINGRUBER 2015
Reingruber, A., Absolute and relative chronologies in the Lower Danube Area during the 5th Millenium BC. In: Hansen, S./Raczky, P./Anders, A./Reingruber A. (eds.), Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea: Chronologies and technologies from the 6th to 4th Millennium BC (Bonn: Habelt), 301–24.
RENFREW et alii 2022
Renfrew, C./Boyd, M.J./Athanasoulis, D./Brodie, N./Carter, T./Dellaporta, K./Floquet, M./Gavalas, G./Georgakopoulou, M./Gkouma, M./Hilditch, J./Krijnen, A./Legaki, I./Margaritis, E./Marthari, M./Moutafi, I./Philaniotou, O./Sotirakopoulou, P./Wright, J., The sanctuary at Keros in the Aegean Early Bronze Age: from centre of congregation to centre of power, Journal of Greek Archaeology 7, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.32028/jga.v7i.1709
RINGBAUER et alii 2023
Ringbauer, H./Huang, Y./Akbari, A./Mallick, S./Patterson, N./Reich, D., ancIBD–Screening for identity by descent segments in human ancient DNA, bioRxiv: the preprint server for biology, 2023.03.08.531671. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.08.531671
RINGBAUER et alii 2024
Ringbauer, H./Huang, Y./Akbari, A./Mallick, S./Patterson, N./Reich. D. Accurate detection of identity-by-descent segments in human ancient DNA, Nature Genetics 56/1, 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-023-01582-w
ROBERTS 2008
Roberts, B., Migration, craft expertise and metallurgy: Analysing the ‘spread’ of metallurgy in Western Europe, Archaeological Review from Cambridge 23/2, 27–45.
ROGERS 1983 (1962)
Rogers, E., Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd ed. (London: MacMillan). Original date of publication: 1962.
ROMAN 1971
Roman, P.I., Strukturäderungen des Endäneolithikums im Donau-Karpaten-Raum. Dacia 15, 31–161.
ROSENSTOCK/SCHARL/SCHIER 2016
Rosenstock, E./Scharl, S./Schier, W., Ex oriente lux?–Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Stellung der frühen Kupfermetallurgie Südeuropas. In: Bartelheim, M./Horejs, B./Krauß, R. (eds.), Von Baden bis Troia: Ressourcennutzung, Metallurgie, und Wissenstransfer (Rahden: Leidorf), 59–122.
ROTEA et alii 2023
Rotea, M./Bodea, M./Răchită, M./Sava, T./Mănăilescu, C., First 14C dating for a cultic feature (L1) of the Bodrogkeresztúr culture from Fundătura-Șesu Mare (Cluj County), Revista Bistriței 37, 9–26.
ROUSSOT-LARROQUE 2008
Roussot-Larroque, J., La “sépulture du chef” de Pauilhac (Gers), Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest 16/1, 91–142.
ROVIRA/MONTERO-RUIZ 2013
Rovira, S./Montero-Ruiz, I., Iberia: Technological development of prehistoric metallurgy. In: Burmeister, S./Hansen, S./Kunst, M./Müller-Scheeßel, N. (eds.), Metal matters; Innovative technologies and social change in prehistory and antiquity (Rahden: Leidorf), 231–239.
ROWLANDS 1971
Rowlands, M.J., The Archaeological interpretation of Prehistoric metalworking, World Archaeology 3/2, 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1969.9979502
SĂLCEANU 2008
Sălceanu, I. Sălcuța IV-Herculane II-III (Satu Mare: Solstițiu).
SÁNCHEZ-QUINTO et alii 2019
Sánchez-Quinto, F./Malmström, H./Fraser, M./Girdland-Flink, L./Svensson, E. M./Simões, L.G./George, R./ Hollfelder, N./Burenhult, G./Noble, G./Britton, K./Talamo, S./Curtis, N./Brzobohata, H./Sumberova, R./Götherström, A./Storå, J./Jakobsson, M., Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116/19, 9469–9474. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818037116
SCHARL 2016
Scharl, S., Patterns of innovation transfer and the spread of copper metallurgy to Central Europe, European Journal of Archaeology 19/2, 215–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/14619571.2016.1147313
SCHAUER et alii 2021
Schauer, P./Shennan, S./Bevan, A./Colledge, S./Edinborough, K./Kerig, T./Parker Pearson, M., Cycles in stone mining and copper circulation in Europe 5500-2000 BC: A view from Space, European Journal of Archaeology 24/2, 204-225. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2020.56
SCHOOP 2015
Schoop, U.-D., Çamlıbel Tarlası: Late Chalcolithic settlement and economy in the Budaközü Valley (north-central Anatolia). In: Steadman, S.R/McMahon, G. (eds.), The Archaeology of Anatolia: Recent Discoveries (2011–2014), Vol. I. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing), 46–68.
SCHREINER/HEYD/PERNICKA 2012
Schreiner, M./Heyd, V./Pernicka, E., Kupferzeitliches Metall in der Westslowakei. In: Kujovský, R./Mitáš, V. (eds.), Václav Furmánkek a doba bronzová. Zborník k sedemdesiatym narodeninám [Václav Furmánkek and the Bronze Age. Proceedings for his seventieth birthday] (Archeologický ústav slovenskej akadémie vied: Nitra), 355–366.
SCHROEDER et alii 2019
Schroeder, H./Margaryan, A./Szmyt, M./Theulot, B./Włodarczak, P./Rasmussen, S./Gopalakrishnan, S./Szczepanek, A./Konopka, T./Jensen, T.Z.T./Witkowska, B./Wilk, S./Przybyła, M.M./Pospieszny, Ł./Sjögren, K.G./Belka, Z./Olsen, J./Kristiansen, K./Willerslev, E./Frei, K.M./…/Allentoft, M.E., Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116/22, 10705–10710. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820210116
SEGUIN-ORLANDO et alii 202
Seguin-Orlando A./Donat, R./Der Sarkissian, C./Southon, J./Thèves, C./Manen, C./Tchérémissinoff, Y./Crubézy, E./Shapiro, B./Deleuze, J.F./Dalén, L./Guilaine, J./Orlando L., Heterogeneous Hunter-Gatherer and Steppe-Related ancestries in Late Neolithic and Bell Beaker genomes from present-day France, Current Biology 31/5, 1072–1083.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.015
SKOGLUND et alii 2014
Skoglund, P./Malmström, H./Omrak, A./Raghavan, M./Valdiosera, C./Günther, T./Hall, P./Tambets, K./Parik, J./Sjögren, K.G./Apel, J./Willerslev, E./Storå, J./Götherström, A./Jakobsson, M., Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers, Science 3/44, 6185, 747–750. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253448
SKOURTANIOTI et alii 2020
Skourtanioti, E./Erdal, Y.S./Frangipane, M./Balossi Restelli, F./Yener, K.A./Pinnock, F./Matthiae, P./Özbal, R./Schoop, U.D./Guliyev, F./Akhundov, T./Lyonnet, B./Hammer, E.L./Nugent, S.E./Burri, M, Neumann, G.U./Penske, S./Ingman, T./Akar, M./Shafiq, R./Palumbi, G./Eisenmann, S./D’Andrea, M./Rohrlach, A.B./Warinner, C./Jeong, C./Stockhammer, P.W./Haak, W/Krause, J., Genomic history of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus, Cell 181/5, 1158–1175.e28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044
STOS-GALE/GALE 2009
Stos-Gale, Z.A./Gale, N.H., Metal provenancing using isotopes and the Oxford archaeological lead isotope database (OXALID), Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1/3, 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520- 009-0011-6
STRAHM 2005
Strahm, C., L’introduction et la diffusion de la métallurgie en France. In: Ambert, P./Vaquer, J. (eds.), La première métallurgie en France et dans les pays limitrophes. Carcassonne 28-30 Septembre 2002, actes du colloque international (Paris: Société préhistorique française), 27–36.
STRAHM 2007
Strahm, C., L’introduction de la métallurgie en Europe. In: Guilaine, J. (ed.), Le Chalcolitique et la construction des inégalités, tome 1: Le continent européen (Paris: Errance), 49–71.
SZECSENYI-NAGY et alii. 2025
Szecsenyi-Nagy, A./Virag, C./Jakab, K./Rohland, N./Ringbauer, H./Anders, A./Raczky, P./Hajdu, T./Kiss, K./Szeniczey, T./Evinger, S./Keszi, T./Virag, Z.M./Cheronet, O./Mallick, S./Akbari, A./Pinhasi, R./Reich, D./Siklosi. Z., Ancient DNA reveals diverse community organizations in the 5th millennium BCE Carpathian Basin, Nature Communications 16/5318. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60368-2
SZÜCS-CSILLIK/VIRAG 2016
Szücs-Csillik, I./Virag, C., The orientation of the dead at Urziceni necropolis. In: Micle, D./Stavila, A./Oprean, C./Fortiu, S. (eds.), ArheoVest IV, Vol. 2 (Szeged: Jate Press), 591–599.
TURCK 2010
Turck, R., Die Metalle zur Zeit des Jungneolithikums in Mitteleuropa: Eine sozialarchäologische Untersuchung (Bonn: Habelt).
TIMBERLAKE 2009
Timberlake, S., Copper mining and metal production at the beginning of the Bronze Age. In: Clark, P. (ed.), Bronze Age connections: Cultural contacts in Prehistoric Europe (Oxford: Oxbow Books), 94–121.
VALDOSIERA et alii 2018
Valdiosera, C./Günther, T./Vera-Rodríguez, J.C./Ureña, I./Iriarte, E./Rodríguez-Varela, R./Simões, L.G./Martínez-Sánchez, R.M./Svensson, E.M./Malmström, H./Rodríguez, L./Bermúdez de Castro, J.M./Carbonell, E./Alday, A./Hernández Vera, J.A./Götherström, A./Carretero, J.M./Arsuaga, J.L./Smith, C.I./Jakobsson, M., Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115/13, 3428–3433. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717762115
VALERIO et alii 2023
Valério, P./Soares, J./Alves, L.C./Araújro, M.F./Tavares da Silva, C., Chalcolithic copper production and use in the western end of the Iberian Peninsula: The testimony of Castro de Chibanes (Portugal), Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 48, 103868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103868
VICAS 2021a
Vicas, A., Mining data on the spread of early metallurgy: Revisiting the Carpathian hypothesis with ancient genomes. Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 26/2, 149–169. https://doi.org/10.47743/saa-2020-26-2-2.
VICAS 2021b
Vicas, A., Seeking opportunity: Mobility and transmission of innovation in the Chalcolithic, Ziridava, Studia Archaeologica 35, 23–48.
VIDAL 2012
Vidal, R. La minería metálica prehistórica en la península Ibérica, Lurralde: investigación y espacio 35, 67–78. https//doi.org/10.52748/lurralde.2012.35.5
VILLALBA-MOUCO et alii 2019
Villalba-Mouco, V./van de Loosdrecht, M.S./Posth, C./Mora, R./Martínez-Moreno, J./Rojo-Guerra, M./Salazar-García, D.C./Royo-Guillén, J.I./Kunst, M./Rougier, H./Crevecoeur, I./Arcusa-Magallón, H./Tejedor-Rodríguez, C./García-Martínez de Lagrán, I./Garrido-Pena, R./Alt, K.W./Jeong, C./Schiffels, S./Utrilla, P./Krause, J./…/Haak, W., Survival of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula, Current Biology 29/7, 1169–1177.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.006
VILLALBA-MOUCO et alii 2021
Villalba-Mouco, V./Oliart, C./Rihuete-Herrada, C./Childebayeva, A./Rohrlach, A.B./Fregeiro, M.I./Celdrán Beltrán, E./Velasco-Felipe, C./Aron, F./Himmel, M./Freund, C./Alt, K.W./Salazar-García, D.C./García Atiénzar, G./de Miguel Ibáñez, M.P./Hernández Pérez, M.S./Barciela, V./Romero, A./Ponce, J./Martínez, A./…/Haak, W., Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia, Science Advances 7/47, eabi7038. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi7038
WESTNER et alii 2021
Westner, K.J./Rose, T./Klein, S./Hsu, Y.-K., GlobaLID–Global Lead Isotope Database. V. 1.0. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2021.031
WILK 2018
Wilk, S., Can we talk about the Copper Age in Lesser Poland? Contribution to the discussion. In: Valde-Nowak, P./Sobczyk, K./Nowak, M./Źrałka, J. (eds.), Multas per Gentes et Multa per Saecula (Cracow: Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University), 485–494.
ŻURKIEWICZ et alii 2023
Żurkiewicz, D./Stróżyk, T./Garbacz-Klempka, A./Szmyt, M./Silska, P., the earliest traces of metallurgy in Greater Poland: Tuyère from Kotowo, Poland, Documenta Praehistorica 50, 420–433. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.50.9
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal, we use CC BY-NC-ND license (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs) wich only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
